Although various methods can be used for gastric content assessment, X-rays have a limited ability to distinguish between mixed contents and expose patients to ionizing radiation while endoscopy is invasive, time-consuming, and uncomfortable for patients. Ultrasound, a non-invasive, bedside, and portable method, provides real-time information and is easy to use, making it a cost-effective tool for assessing the size and shape of the stomach and the volume and nature of the gastric contents. Ultrasound can improve patient safety and outcomes by providing more accurate and timely information, allowing for better decision making regarding the timing and safety of surgery.
However, ultrasound has limitations, including operator dependence, patient factors, a limited field of view, and a limited ability to detect solid and fatty contents. To obtain accurate and reliable results, ultrasound requires a trained and experienced operator who must have knowledge of proper image acquisition techniques, accurately interpret the results, and consider safety.
The integration of artificial intelligence and virtual reality technologies into the ultrasound process, as well as the use of contrast agents and more portable devices, could further improve the accuracy and feasibility of ultrasound for gastric content assessment. These developments have the potential to improve patient outcomes during surgery and to expand the accessibility of remote training and assessment.

Keywords: Anesthesia; Aspiration; Gastric content assessment; Surgery; Ultrasound

DOI: 10.35755/jmedassocthai.2023.11.13909

Received 27 July 2023 | Revised 25 October 2023 | Accepted 6 November 2023